1. Union of India
1.1 Constitution of India
- Article 1 defines the Union of India as comprising States, Union Territories, and the territory of India.
- Article 2 provides for the admission into the Union of new States.
- Article 3 deals with the formation of new States and alteration of boundaries of existing States.
- Article 4 outlines the powers of the Union in relation to the States.
1.2 Key Provisions
| Article | Content | Important Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Article 1 | Defines the Union of India | Includes all States, Union Territories, and the territory of India |
| Article 2 | Admission of new States | Provides for the creation of new States and the addition of new territories |
| Article 3 | Formation and alteration of boundaries of States | Includes creation, merger, division, or alteration of State boundaries |
| ** Article 4 | Powers of the Union in relation to States | Includes legislative and executive powers over matters not assigned to States |
1.3 Amendments
- Article 1 was amended by the 1st Amendment (1951) to add “Sikkim” as a State.
- Article 2 was amended by the 10th Amendment (1961) to include Goa, Daman and Diu as Union Territories.
- Article 3 was amended by the 15th Amendment (1963) to provide for the formation of the State of Nagaland.
- Article 4 was amended by the 42nd Amendment (1976) to include “the Union of India” in the Preamble.
2. Union Territories
2.1 Definition
- Union Territories are administratively part of the Union of India and are under the direct control of the Central Government.
- They may have a Lieutenant Governor or Administrator appointed by the President.
2.2 List of Union Territories (as of 2024)
| Union Territory | Capital | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Port Blair | Union Territory |
| Chandigarh | Chandigarh | Union Territory |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | Daman | Union Territory |
| Delhi | Delhi | Union Territory |
| Jammu and Kashmir | Srinagar (Summer), Jammu (Winter) | Union Territory (Special Status) |
| Lakshadweep | Kavaratti | Union Territory |
| Ladakh | Leh | Union Territory (Separate from Jammu and Kashmir) |
2.3 Special Status
- Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh have special status under Article 370 (repealed in 2019 for Jammu and Kashmir) and Article 371A (for Ladakh).
- Delhi is a Union Territory with special status under Article 239AA.
2.4 Key Differences: State vs. Union Territory
| Feature | State | Union Territory |
|---|---|---|
| Governance | Governed by a Governor appointed by the President | Governed by a Lieutenant Governor or Administrator |
| Legislature | Has a State Legislature | May have a Legislative Assembly or not |
| Constitutional Provisions | Governed by Articles 1 to 4 | Governed by Articles 239 to 242 |
| Autonomy | Higher degree of autonomy | Lower degree of autonomy |
| Examples | Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh | Delhi, Chandigarh |
3. Constitutional Provisions for Union and Territories
3.1 Articles 1 to 4
| Article | Description | Key Points |
|---|---|---|
| Article 1 | Defines the Union of India | Includes all States, Union Territories, and the territory of India |
| Article 2 | Admission of new States | Provides for the creation of new States and the addition of new territories |
| Article 3 | Formation and alteration of boundaries of States | Includes creation, merger, division, or alteration of State boundaries |
| Article 4 | Powers of the Union in relation to States | Includes legislative and executive powers over matters not assigned to States |
3.2 Key Amendments
- 1st Amendment (1951): Added Sikkim as a State.
- 10th Amendment (1961): Added Goa, Daman and Diu as Union Territories.
- 15th Amendment (1963): Formed the State of Nagaland.
- 42nd Amendment (1976): Added “the Union of India” to the Preamble.
4. Important Dates and Terms
- 1950: Constitution of India came into effect.
- 1956: Sikkim became a State.
- 1961: Goa, Daman and Diu became Union Territories.
- 1963: Nagaland became a State.
- 1976: “Union of India” added to the Preamble.
- 2019: Repeal of Article 370 (Jammu and Kashmir).
- 2019: Ladakh became a Union Territory.
5. Frequently Asked Questions (SSC, RRB)
5.1 What is the difference between a State and a Union Territory?
- A State has a Governor and a Legislative Assembly.
- A Union Territory is governed by a Lieutenant Governor or Administrator and may or may not have a Legislative Assembly.
5.2 Which Union Territory has the special status of being a “National Capital Territory”?
- Delhi is a National Capital Territory under Article 239AA.
5.3 Which Union Territory was formed from the merger of two Union Territories?
- Chandigarh was formed from the merger of Punjab and Haryana in 1952.
5.4 Which Union Territory was formed in 2019?
- Ladakh was formed in 2019 from Jammu and Kashmir.
5.5 Which Union Territory is administered by the President?
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands is administered by the President through the Governor.
6. Summary Table
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Union of India | Comprises States, Union Territories, and the territory of India |
| Union Territories | Administered directly by the Central Government |
| Special Status | Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh have special constitutional provisions |
| Amendments | Articles 1 to 4 have been amended several times for the creation of new States and Union Territories |
| Important Dates | 1950 (Constitution), 1956 (Sikkim), 1961 (Goa, Daman and Diu), 1963 (Nagaland), 1976 (Preamble), 2019 (Ladakh) |
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